New Critical Infrastructure Protection Strategies
M.
Taghi Tahooneh
Iran University of Science and Technology
author
R.
Dashti
Iran University of Science and Technology
author
R.
Ghaffarpour
Imam Hossein University
author
Gh.
Jalali Farahani
Defence University
author
text
article
2021
per
The electrical industry is one of the most sensitive energy-industries as the infrastructure and social life depend on it. This important energy source has always been subject to a variety of threats from hostile groups. This industry has a variety of assets that are each affected in a different way, and therefore a variety of immunization strategies and civil defense approaches are required. In this article these assets are explained separately, and civil defense requirements for each one, are discussed from the viewpoint of passive defense principles. These assets, which include network assets, such as major assets, communications facilities, human resources, machinery and tools, etc. are analyzed separately in this article. Then the relevant requirements and strategies for each asset are presented, according to passive defense principles and taking into account the issues of camouflage, surveillance, trickery, retrofitting, locating, scaling, scaling, moving, aligning, resuscitation and preparation and storage of spare-parts. In this way, executive solutions that can provide a comprehensive framework for passive defense can be presented.
Passive Defense
Imam Hussein University
2008-6849
11
v.
4
no.
2021
1
6
https://pd.ihu.ac.ir/article_205541_ed9e18079d0fb06d9c06b9b69e31ad39.pdf
A Review on Earthing Systems and Lightning Protection Techniques for Telecommunication Towers on Mountains and Rocky Land
R.
Ghaffarpour
IHU
author
M.
Louni
Shahid beheshti university
author
text
article
2021
per
Passive defense principles are essential in the design and implementation of vital and critical plans as well as infrastructures to prevent and reduce the risks of natural disasters such as lightning. Lightning is a natural atmospheric phenomenon and there are no means to prevent it from happening. Direct and indirect exposure to lightning and the transmission of lightning discharge through the buildings and their inbound service lines can be harmful and hazardous to humans, buildings and their valuable contents, so it is imperative that measures be taken to protect against lightning. Since telecommunications and data stations are generally located in highlands or outdoors, lightning protection is essential and urgent. This paper provides an overview of the different methods of designing and implementing lightning protection systems and grounding of telecommunication sites at high altitudes and rocky terrains from the standpoint of international standards and recommendations. In this article, a review and analysis of earthing systems and lightning protection techniques and related international, military and communication standards for telecommunication towers on mountains and rocky land have been presented in order to design and propose a good quality protection system in accordance with relevant standards.
Passive Defense
Imam Hussein University
2008-6849
11
v.
4
no.
2021
7
16
https://pd.ihu.ac.ir/article_205201_a0b5d24644e6c1fa86bdf6fab187ef37.pdf
The Effective Factors of Emergency Evacuation in Subway Stations using the Pathfinder 2017 Simulation Software and Presenting Engineering Strategies with Passive Defense Approach Antennas
Gh. R.
Jalali Farahani
Head of Passive Defense Organization
author
M.
Sasani
Passive Defense Organization
author
H.
AhmadYousefi
Masters of passive defense of Malek Ashtar University of Technology
author
text
article
2021
per
A review of the past incidents at the metro stations worldwide, shows that there have been a lot of casualties caused by fire incidents, bombings, etcetera, in subway stations because of the closure of the underground space station, population congestion and so on. Therefore, in the face of these threats, one of the important emergency responses is to protect the lives of citizens and reduce the number of human casualties and thereby increase the national sustainability of population evacuation. Therefore, in order to reduce the number of casualties due to accidents at metro stations, the evacuation status should be predictable and the time of evacuation reduced. Therefore, the necessary factors affecting the emergency evacuation of metro stations should be identified and obstacles eliminated. A quantitative method has been used to identify these factors during the evacuation process. The quantitative method used in this study is the use of the 2017 Pathfinder emergency evacuation simulation software (SFPE) for simulation and modeling of discharges in low, medium and peak times in the metro station, in different scenarios taking into account different speeds of movement, gender, size of different groups and density of phenomena at the Shemiran Gateway station. Simulations were performed and the evacuation process and how people were discharged from different station paths were studied and critical factors at the time of discharge such as evacuation bottlenecks, entrance and exit gates, platforms, etcetera were identified. To address these bottlenecks and facilitate the evacuation and thus reduce the evacuation time and vulnerability and rescue the people at the station, engineering requirements (structural, architectural, facility and structural management) were introduced with a passive defense approach.
Passive Defense
Imam Hussein University
2008-6849
11
v.
4
no.
2021
17
32
https://pd.ihu.ac.ir/article_205504_c868c57cfa471004f99f5ecb6b9e42c7.pdf
The Effect of Construction Techniques on Extending the Functional Life Span of Pre-1300 Hijri Structures in the Central Plateau of Iran
N.
Valibeig
Art university of Isfahan
author
A.
Salehi
Art university of Isfahan
author
S.
Khaleghian
Art University of Isfahan
author
text
article
2021
per
Today, the architecture in our country is devoid of its past archetypes. Not paying attention to these patterns causes not only the short life span of the architecture but also a series of undesirable side effects such as climatic and environmental problems, energy loss and the demolition waste. The structure of the building plays a key role in its survival or destruction. Traditional architects have endeavored to discover the science of building-durability in order to build the architectures that will not be destroyed by various forces and the passage of time. There have been numerous studies on the architecture construction techniques so far, but no relevant research has been done in terms of impact on the practical lifetime of the buildings. From the perspective of the research methodology, the research method of this study is qualitative and is based on Grounded theory. In this study, data analysis is based on a procedural approach taken from induction. By systematically gathering data using library resources, field studies, interviews with 20 traditional architects and their inductive analysis, considerable knowledge about the long life-span of traditional architecture is obtained and presented in the form of a theoretical framework described as the title of this article: “The effect of construction techniques on extending the functional life span of pre-1300 Hijri structures in the Central Plateau of Iran”. The purpose of this study is to understand the role of considerations related to construction techniques’ impact on the life span of pre-1300 Hijri buildings. As a result of this research, the selected codes obtained in the field of construction techniques are classified into three general categories: “construction techniques in accordance with the future function”, “construction technique fitting environmental factors”, and “observation and recognition of structural durability issues”. Also, throughout the construction process, there is a close relationship between geometry and structure, which undoubtedly affects the standing of the building. Iran's enduring architecture is the result of valuable experiences that have been passed down to students by traditional masters over thousands of years.
Passive Defense
Imam Hussein University
2008-6849
11
v.
4
no.
2021
33
45
https://pd.ihu.ac.ir/article_205517_2f4b45ab089472d392b3aeaaa15100aa.pdf
Investigating the Factors Related to the Acceptance and Application of Passive Defense in ICT: A Case Study of Highway Patrol and Traffic Control (Known as RAHVAR) Police Officers in the Border Areas of South Khorasan
J.
Monazami Tabar
Amin Police Academy
author
text
article
2021
per
The main goal of passive defense in border areas is to secure and reduce the vulnerability of these areas in order to gradually create conditions for sustainable development and security in these areas. In this regard, attention to the role of passive defense in new communication and information technologies is essential. Therefore, considering the importance of the role of passive defense in border areas and the changes and reactions that ICT can have in small towns and villages located in border areas, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of factors related to accepting and applying passive defense in South Khorasan RAHVAR police ICT. The theoretical framework used in this research is based on previous national and foreign research and a combination of sociological and information society theories. This research is a descriptive survey and the statistical population of the study consists of RAHVAR police officers in South Khorasan province, from which a sample of 170 people are selected by stratified random sampling and appropriate type. To collect the data, a researcher-made questionnaire with five Likert options is used. After making the necessary corrections, its validity is confirmed by the opinions of ten people (five professors and five relevant experts). The reliability of the questionnaire is calculated 85% using Cronbach's alpha test. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistical tests such as Pearson correlation, analysis of variance, independent t-test and Chi-square test, the SPSS software version 23 is used. The results of testing the hypotheses, show that the variables of usefulness, ease of use, type of job, use of communication channels and the amount of training of RAHVAR police officers have an impact on the acceptance and application of passive defense in ICT. There are no significant relationships between the variables of education level and socio-economic status of employees and the acceptance and application of passive defense in ICT.
Passive Defense
Imam Hussein University
2008-6849
11
v.
4
no.
2021
47
58
https://pd.ihu.ac.ir/article_205553_0698d517a5cf15849732a1873ddff968.pdf
Explaining Path-Finding Elements in Emergency Evacuation of Buildings-Case Study: IRAN MALL Cultural, Commercial and Service Complex
V.
Bahrami
Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
author
I.
Etessam
, Professor, Department of Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
author
A.
Shahcheragi
Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University,
author
text
article
2021
per
Recognition of the elements that facilitate path-finding in emergency evacuation of a building (in the occurrence of events such as fire, earthquake, bombing or air bombardment and so on) is the main challenge which the architects face. Experience has proved that although this matter appears simple, it actually causes serious challenges for the building designers. The importance of this research is emphasized by two factors. First the novelty of the sustainable building design for effective emergency evacuation in critical conditions in Iran (often in the cases of extensive fire or earthquake, bombardment and so on). Second, the differences between this research and the previous ones, being the additional factor of individual and group panic-stricken movement in emergency evacuation of buildings. This research has utilized the qualitative research method in combination with observations and recording events. This method is based on observing and recording the behavior of people in emergency evacuation, and deducing from the data obtained therein. The results have shown that the emergency evacuation of a building is dependent on four main factors including: “following the main direction of exiting-crowd movement”, “exiting the building from the door of entrance”, “following the signs for emergency exit”, and finally “the hesitancy, helplessness or anticipation of help”. Considering these procedures and what the human beings consider in emergency path-finding, can lead to the appropriate path design principles in the case of emergency evacuation.
Passive Defense
Imam Hussein University
2008-6849
11
v.
4
no.
2021
59
71
https://pd.ihu.ac.ir/article_205507_64552588257f5cea65464b443357c6a1.pdf
Evaluation of Zahedan City Defense Vulnerability using the AHP Method
M. R.
Anvari
Assistant Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan Branch
author
A.
Akbari
Student of Geography and Urban Planning, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan Branch
author
S.
Aghajani
Faculty of Geography and Planning, University of Isfahan
author
text
article
2021
per
Today we are witnessing the changing nature of wars: large-scale missile airstrikes at the commencement of hostilities and during the conflict period, on vital and critical resources such as administrative, commercial and educational facilities and even residential areas. Therefore, vulnerability assessment and development of appropriate strategies to reduce the vulnerability and damage to the cities at wartime are necessary. Crisis management is one of the most important goals that planners and city managers are trying to implement today for reducing the vulnerability of urban infrastructures in order to minimize the amount of damage. Passive defense is a suitable approach that can be effective in creating a safe environment in cities. In this investigation, the city of zahedan has been designated as the research area. The strategic position of this city and a common land border with neighboring countries have made studying its vulnerability of special importance. This research aims to identify key and dangerous centers in zahedan city and to study the safety of urban spaces in zahedan city according to the principles of passive defense and also to identify and eliminate factors that reduce safety in the city. In this study, after identifying the location of key points and urban hazards, the vulnerability status of zahedan city is examined based on relevant indicators and application of the AHP and GIS hierarchical methods. Then taking into account the opinion of experts, seven main criteria along with sub-criteria are listed as important elements and areas of zahedan city. The super decision software has been used to score these criteria. The final vulnerability map of the area is prepared in three areas of low vulnerability, medium vulnerability and high vulnerability by ArcMap software which has the capability of overlaying maps. Finally, some strategies to reduce the vulnerability of Zahedan urban structure are presented.
Passive Defense
Imam Hussein University
2008-6849
11
v.
4
no.
2021
73
86
https://pd.ihu.ac.ir/article_205552_f7a910379da813b51f050446bab30d9b.pdf
The Role of Contaminated Surfaces and Environments in the Spread of Coronaviruses and Inactivation of Viruses with Disinfectant Agents
M. E.
Minaei
Imam Hossein university
author
M. J.
Bagheripour
Imam Hosein Univ.
author
text
article
2021
per
The emergence of a novel human coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which causes severe respiratory infections in humans, has become a global health concern. Our objective is to review information about sustainability and persistence of coronavirus on non-living surfaces and the efficiency of lethal factors to provide clear information for preventing the spread of COVID-19 disease. Research Method: This study is a systematic review conducted by online browsing of national and international websites using the specialized keyword in the main search engines and collecting the results. Then the main sources related to the purpose of this article are identified, extracted and classified and finally analyzed. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is transmitted to the surfaces and the environment through respiratory droplets, suspended particulates in the air and the feces. After touching the contaminated surfaces, it is transmitted by self-inoculation in the nose, mouth, or eyes. It can remain infectious on stainless steel, glass and plastic surfaces for up 9 days. Some disinfectant agents like 62-71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide and 0.1% sodium hypochlorite significantly reduce the coronavirus infectivity within 1 min exposure time. In contrast, 0.2-0.05% benzalkonium or 0.02% chlorhexidine digluconate were less effective. The new COVID-19 disease has many vague points, and there is still no medicine and proper treatment for it. Standard surveillance, prevent and control plans have an important role in fighting the virus. The best way to prevent the spread of COVID-19 is disinfection of surfaces and the environment.
Passive Defense
Imam Hussein University
2008-6849
11
v.
4
no.
2021
87
94
https://pd.ihu.ac.ir/article_205773_6ed0146842c1b83b17170c473c8faece.pdf