1
Department of Civil Engineering, Chalous Branch, Islamic Azad University, Chalous, Iran
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran
Abstract
Today, the construction of highly critical structures (such as military and nuclear structures, hospitals and infrastructures), with high resistance to impact loads and high temperatures, is of particular importance in the field of passive defense. In this regard, the production of high-strength and nature-friendly concrete as the main material used in these types of structures plays a significant role. In this paper, the laboratory properties of the slag geopolymer concrete containing 0 to 8% nanosilica and 1 to 2% polyalphin fibers have been investigated. The concrete samples made at 90 days of curing age at 25 and 500 °C Celsius underwent weightlifting, weight loss, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) at 25 °C. At the age of seven days, the processing was performed on the concrete samples. The results indicate the weakening of the microstructure of concrete exposed to high temperatures. Also, the improvement of test results in the geopolymer concrete compared to ordinary concrete is evident. The best and worst performance in the weight loss test of the samples belonged to the geopolymer concrete containing 8% nanosilica and the geopolymer concrete containing 8% nanosilica and 2% fibers, by 0.061% and 0.12% weight loss of the sample, respectively. The best performance in the energy absorption of falling weight at 25 and 500 degrees Celsius belongs to the geopolymer concrete (containing 8% nanosilica and 2% fiber) at 2928.25 and 773.44 joules, respectively. The highest and lowest energy loss of concrete samples at 500 °C compared to 25 °C belong to the ordinary concrete and the geopolymer concrete (containing 8% nanosilica) by 83.33% and 53.33%, respectively.
Nosrati, et al. "Portland Cement Structure and its Major Oxides and Fineness," Smart Struct. and Syst. vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 425-432, 2018.
de T. Pereira, D. Simoes, et al. "Comparative Analysis between Properties and Microstructures of Geopolymeric Concrete and Portland Concrete," J. of Materials Research and Tech. vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 606-611, 2018.
, Neupane, D. Chalmers, and P. Kidd, "High-strength Geopolymer Concrete—Properties, Advantages and Challenges," Advances in Materials, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 15-25, 2018.
R. Vora, and U. V. Dave, "Parametric Studies on Compressive Strength of Geopolymer Concrete," Procedia Eng. vol. 51, pp. 210-219, 2013.
F. Huseien, , et al. "Effect of Metakaolin Replaced Granulated Blast Furnace Slag on Fresh and Early Strength Properties of Geopolymer Mortar," Ain Shams Eng. J. vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1557-1566, 2018.
Duan, et al. "Enhancing Microstructure and Durability of Concrete from Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Metakaolin as Cement Replacement Materials," J. of Materials Research and Tech. vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 52-59, 2013.
L. Scrivener and R. J. Kirkpatrick, "Innovation in Use and Research on Cementitious Material," Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 128-136, 2008.
Li, et al. "Microstructure of Cement Mortar with Nano-particles," Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 185-189, 2004.
Delavari, H. Jahanger, and M. Daneshvar, (). “Comparison the Effect of Particle Tires and Powder of Worn Tires on Compressive Strength of Concrete,” 4th Int. Conf. on Struct. Eng. Tehran, Iran, 2018 (In Persian).
I. Ghasemi Naghibdeh, M. Naghipour, and M. Rabiee, "Experimental Study of Layered Fiber Reinforced Concrete Slabs with Variable Percentage of Fibers in Layers against Drop Weight Impact Load," Concrete Research, vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 23-34, 2014.
Sahraeimoghadam, F. Omidinasab, and A. Dalvand, "Impact Resistance of Multi-Layer Slabs Made with (HPSCC) Reinforced by Hybrid Fibers under Drop Weight Impact," Concrete Research, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 73-87, 2019.
Yunsheng, S. Wei, and L. Zongjin, "Composition Design and Microstructural Characterization of Calcined Kaolin-based Geopolymer Cement," Applied Clay Sci. vol. 47, No. 3-4, pp. 271-275, 2010.
Caetano, et al. "Effect of the High Temperatures on the Microstructure and Compressive Strength of High Strength Fibre Concretes," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 199, pp. 717-736, 2019.
Bakhtiyari, et al. "Self-compacting Concrete Containing Different Powders at Elevated Temperatures–Mechanical Properties and Changes in the Phase Composition of the Paste," Thermochimica acta, vol. 514, no. 1-2, pp. 74-81, 2011.
Amiri and M. Aryanpoor,"The Effects of High Temperatures on Concrete Performance Based on Nanostructural Changes in Calcium Silicate Hydrate (CSH)," Concrete Research, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 69-80, 2019.
Siddique and D. Kaur, "Properties of Concrete Containing Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) at Elevated Temperatures," J. of Advanced Research, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 45-51, 2012.
W. Brindley, "Thermal Transformations of Clays and Layer Silicates," Proc. of the Int. clay conf. Applied Publishers Wilmette, IL, 1975.
John L., Provis, and J. SJ. Van Deventer, "Introduction to Geopolymers," Geopolymers. Woodhead Publishing, pp. 1-11,
McNulty, "Geopolymers: An Environmental Alternative to Carbon Dioxide Producing Ordinary Portland Cement," Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of America, 2009.
Bakharev, “Thermal Behaviour of Geopolymers Prepared Using Class F Fly Ash and Elevated Temperature Curing,” Cement and Concrete Research,vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 1134-1147, 2006.
Mane and H. Jadhav, “Investigation of Geopolymer Mortar and Concrete under High Temperature,” Magnesium, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. ?, 2012.
C. Comrie and W. M. Kriven, Composite Cold Ceramic Geopolymer in a Refractory Application,” In Advances in Ceramic Matrix Composites IX, Proc. 2004.
F. Huseien, et al. "Effect of Metakaolin Replaced Granulated Blast Furnace Slag on Fresh and Early Strength Properties of Geopolymer Mortar," Ain Shams Eng. J. vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 1557-1566 2018.
Tajodeni, “In Vitro Evaluation of the Effect of Adding Nanosilica with Different Specific Surfaces on Physical and Mechanical Parameters of Soil-cement Aggregates,” Sharif J. of Civil Eng. vol. 24-2, no. 1/1, pp. 13-22, 2016.
G.] Alberti, A. Enfedaque, and J. C. Gálvez, "Improving the Reinforcement of Polyolefin Fiber Reinforced Concrete for Infrastructure Applications," Fibers, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 504-522, 2015.
Pilehvar, et al. "Physical and Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash and Slag Geopolymer Concrete Containing Different Types of Micro-encapsulated Phase Change Materials," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 173, pp. 28-39, 2018.
S. Deb, P. Nath, and P. K. Sarker, "Drying Shrinkage of Slag Blended Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete Cured at Room Temperature," Procedia Eng. Vol. 125, pp. 594-600, 2015.
Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, Theme 9 of the National Building Regulations Design and Execution of Reinforced Concrete Buildings (4 Edition), Tehran, Iran: Iran Development Publishing, 2013.
Kanéma, et al. "Spalling, Thermal, and Hydrous Behavior of Ordinary and High-strength Concrete Subjected to Elevated Temperature," J. of Materials in Civil Eng. Vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 921-930, 2011.
M. Rashad, "Metakaolin as Cementitious Material: History, Scours, Production and Composition–A Comprehensive Overview," Construction and building materials, vol. 41, pp. 303-318, 2013.
Mehdipour, et al. "Mechanical Properties, Durability and Environmental Evaluation of Rubberized Concrete Incorporating Steel Fiber and Metakaolin at Elevated Temperatures," J. of Cleaner Production, vol. 254, pp. 120-126, 2020.
K. Mehta and P. J. M. Monteiro, “Concrete: microstructure, properties, and materials,” McGraw-Hill Education, 2014.
ACI 544, "Measurement of Properties of Fiber Reinforced Concrete," 544 Committee Report on Fiber Reinforced Concrete, 1999.
Zhang, Zu-hua, et al. "Preparation and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced Calcined Kaolin-fly Ash Based Geopolymer," J. of Central South University of Technology, vol. 16, no.1, pp. 49-52, 2009.
Assaedi, et al. "Influence of Nano Silica Particles on Durability of Flax Fabric Reinforced Geopolymer Composites," Materials, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 1459, 2019.
Du, S. Du, and X. Liu, "Durability Performances of Concrete with Nano-silica," Construction and building materials, vol. 73, pp. 705-712, 2014.
S. Deb, P. K. Sarker, and S. Barbhuiya, “Effects of Nano-silica on the Strength Development of Geopolymer Cured at Room Temperature,” Construction and Building Materials,vol. 101, pp. 675-683, 2015.
-Y. Shih, T.-P. Chang, and T.-C. Hsiao, “Effect of Nanosilica on Characterization of Portland Cement Composite,” Materials Sci. and Eng. A,. vol. 424, no. 1-2, pp. 266-274, 2006.
A. Abdulkareem, et al., “Effects of Elevated Temperatures on the Thermal Behavior and Mechanical Performance of Fly Ash Geopolymer Paste, Mortar and Lightweight Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 50, pp. 377-387, 2014.
-g. Hu, et al., “Preparation and Properties of Geopolymer-lightweight Aggregate Refractory Concrete,” J. of Central South Univ. of Tech. vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 914-918, 2009.
Phair and J. Van Deventer, “Effect of the Silicate Activator pH on the Microstructural Characteristics of Waste-based Geopolymers,” Int. J. of Mineral Proc. vol. 66, no. 1-4, pp. 121-143, 2002.
M. Rashad and S.R. Zeedan, “A Preliminary Study of Blended Pastes of Cement and Quartz Powder under the Effect of Elevated Temperature,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 29, pp. 672-681, 2012.
, Morsy, et al., “Behavior of Blended Cement Mortars Containing Nano-Metakaolin at Elevated Temperatures,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 35, pp. 900-905, 2012.
Morsy, et al., Behavior of Blended Cement Mortars Containing Nano-Metakaolin at Elevated Temperatures,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 35, pp. 900-905, 2012.
Fan, et al., Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Fly Ash Based Geopolymers. Construction and Building Materials, vol. 160, pp. 66-81, 2018.
Adak, M. Sarkar, and S. Mandal, “Structural Performance of Nano-silica Modified Fly-ash Based Geopolymer Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 135, pp. 430-439, 2017.
Adak, M. Sarkar, and S. Mandal, “Effect of Nano-silica on Strength and Durability of Fly Ash based geopolymer mortar. Construction and Building Materials, 2014. 70: p. 453-459.
M. Mustakim, et al., “Improvement in Fresh, Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Fly Ash-blast Furnace Slag Based Geopolymer Concrete by Addition of Nano and Micro Silica,” Silicon, ?, pp. 1-14, 2020.
Bahrami, "Investigation of Variables Affecting on Stability of Buildings against Fire," Passive Defense Quarterly, vol. 12, no. 2, 99-111, 2021.
Mansourghanaei, M., Biklaryan, M., & Mardookhpour, A. (2022). Investigation of the Impact Resistance, Microstructure and Weight Loss in Fibrous Pozzolanic Concrete Containing Fibers, Under High Temperatures. Passive Defense, 13(3), 11-23.
MLA
Mohammadhossein Mansourghanaei; Morteza Biklaryan; Alireza Mardookhpour. "Investigation of the Impact Resistance, Microstructure and Weight Loss in Fibrous Pozzolanic Concrete Containing Fibers, Under High Temperatures", Passive Defense, 13, 3, 2022, 11-23.
HARVARD
Mansourghanaei, M., Biklaryan, M., Mardookhpour, A. (2022). 'Investigation of the Impact Resistance, Microstructure and Weight Loss in Fibrous Pozzolanic Concrete Containing Fibers, Under High Temperatures', Passive Defense, 13(3), pp. 11-23.
VANCOUVER
Mansourghanaei, M., Biklaryan, M., Mardookhpour, A. Investigation of the Impact Resistance, Microstructure and Weight Loss in Fibrous Pozzolanic Concrete Containing Fibers, Under High Temperatures. Passive Defense, 2022; 13(3): 11-23.
)
