Studying the Adaptation of the Historic Cities to the Principles of Modern Passive-Defense in the Central Plateau of Iran

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Iran University of Science and Technology

2 University of Science and Technology of Iran, University St., Hengam St. Resalat Square, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Human life has always been in danger throughout history, and the struggle for survival has always made man inevitably prepared. Threats are both made by man or are natural. The type of exposure to these threats has different forms throughout time and space. This study has selected the Central Plateau region of Iran to understand the respond to the threats in this area.The Central Plateau of Iran, with its hot and dry climate, covers a large part of the territory of Iran and, due to its climatic and geographical characteristics, has its own security considerations. This study aims to understand the defensive methods of the Iran historic cities in the Central Plateau region of Iran and the article seeks to find the defensive methods of the past in comparison to present principles of passive-defense.The research has done using documentary studies and qualitative analysis method. The results show that although the principles and characteristics of defence in the historical cities of this region have been proportionate with the threats of its time, but also with many principles of today's passive-defense, include location, the optimal scale of population and activity, dispersion, camouflage, concealment, cover, deception, and dual-purpose structures. By providing additional facilities, other principles such as "optimal scale in dispersion and special economic justification," "downsizing and cheapening and initiative in passive defense ,"  "division," "dispersal," and "deception" can be provided, too.

Keywords

Smiley face

References

A. Taghavi, S. Farzin, H. Koohestani, and M. Abdolahi, "Components passive defense in the castle "Qale koh-qaeen"," Quarterly bulletin of Greater Khorasan, vol. 8, no. 27, pp. 41-54, 2017. (In Persian)
A. Asgharian Jedi and S. E. Mirhashemi Routeh, "Indigenous Knowledge of Passive Defense in Iranian Historical Architecture and Urbanism," Indigenous knowledge of Iran, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 7-42, 2015. (In Persian)
S. Amanpour, R. Ahmadi, and A. Davoodi Monjazi, "Investigating of the Defensive Considerations in the istorical," Scientific Journal of Passive Defense, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1-14, 2016. (In Persian)
S. E. Mirhashemi Ruteh , "Passive Defense in Formation of Urban Form The Case of Aqda, Iran," Scientific journal of architecture and urban planning of Shahid Beheshti University, vol. 2, no. 2, pp.    113-130, 2014. (In Persian)
D. Majidi, S. Givehchi, and S. Noori Kermani, "Some Considerations on Employing Passive Defense Principles in the Construction of Castle-City in the Ancient Iran," Studies On Iranian - Islamic City, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 37-48, 2011. (In Persian)
A. Dehkhoda, Dehkhoda Dictionary, Volume IV, Tehran: Tehran University, 1972. (In Persian)
M. Ahmarlooei, Passive defense in modern wars, Tehran: Farabi Science and Technology Faculty, 2010. (In Persian)
H. Doost Mohammadian and M. Fazeli, Passive defense engineering in information technology, Tehran: Dibagaran-e Tehran, 2018. (In Persian)
A. Asgharian Jedi, "Passive defense in Arg-e Bam," Scientific journal of architecture and urban planning of Shahid Beheshti University, vols. 3,4,5, no. 3, pp. 68-77, 1995. (In Persian)
H. Hoseini Amini, Application of passive defense in geopathics and urban planning, Tehran: Asar-e Moaser, 2012. (In Persian)
A. Hajiebrahim Zargar, and S. Mesgari hooshyar, "Passive defense in solution architecture to reduce vulnerability to accidents," in 3rd International Conference on Integrated Natural Disaster Management, Tehran, 2008. (In Persian)
S. M. Habibi, From city to town, A historical analysis of the concept and physical appearance, thinking and impression of the city, Tehran: Tehran University, 2018. (In Persian)
A. Shaterian, Climate and architecture, Tehran: Simaye Danesh, 2009. (In Persian)
M. Tavasoli, Urban Structure and Architecture in the Hot Arid Zone of Iran, Tehran: Payam peyvand-e no, 2002. (In Persian)
K. Yeganegi and E. Bayat, "Investigating the position and role of passive defense in the history of Iran's urbanization," in 4th National Conference on Retrofiting, Arak, 2011. (In Persian)
A. Mousavi, "Iranian circular cities," in Congress of History of Architecture and Urban Planning of Iran, Kerman, 1995. (In Persian)
B. Ahmadkhani Maleki, "Traditional sustainable solutions iranian desert architecture to solve the energy problem," Technical and physical problems of engineering, 2011.
A. Van Nes, "The Configurable Urban Sustainability. In what ways a morphological or configurational approach contributes to our understanding of urban sustainability?," The Pennsylvania state university, Pennsylvania, 2003.
S. Gheibi and M. Nikpour, "Passive defense solutions in the architecture of historical neighborhoods of Kerman city," in International conference on sustainable architecture and urbanism, Dubai & Masdar, 2014. (In Persian)
N. Valibeig, “Vocabulary of urban planning and Islamic architecture of Qajar period Iran,” Esfahan: Goldasteh, 2013. (In Persian)
S. Tavakoli, S. Nasekhian, and M. Mortezaei, "Geometry on Characteristics Architectural of Iranian Awnings (Case Study: the Consecutive Awning of Fahadan Quarter of Yazd)," Parseh J Archaeol Stud, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 77-94, 2018. (In Persian)
H. Darini, A. Sarlak, and T. Golgolnia, "The effect of the body of traditional neighborhoods on social relations (looking at the role of awnings in the city of Shushtar)," in 1st National Desert Conference, Tehran, 2012. (In Persian)
A. Hajiebrahim Zargar, An Introduction to the Iranian Rural Architecture, Tehran: Shahid Beheshti Univercity, 2014. (In Persian)
M. Khodabakhshian and S. M. Mofidi Shemirani, "Underground Spaces in Arid Climate Architecture of Iran," Hoviate Shahr, vol. 8, no. 17, pp. 35-44, 2014. (In Persian)
S. A. Mahdinia and S. J. Hashemi Fesharaki, "principles of Designing Underground Spaces Based on Passive," Scientific Journal of Passive Defense, vol. 2, no. 26, pp. 29-40, 2016. (In Persian)
V. Ghobadian, Climatic study of historical buildings in Iran, Tehrna: Tehran Univercity, 2010. (In Persian)
H. Sepidnameh, A. Salehi Kakhki, H. Hosseini, and E. Raigani, "An Analysis of the Forming Factors, Function, and Significance of Castles and Fortresses of Koureh Arrajan from Early Islam to the End of Seljuq Dynasty," Historical Study of War, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 79-114, 2020. (In Persian)
M. Manouchehri, "Morchekhort" historical castle: the entrance gate to the ancient capital of Iran, Tehran: Samira, 2009. (In Persian)
M. Babaymorad and Z. Giti Forouz, "Awnings Shadow of Architecture in Dezful," in Congress of Architecture and Construction Materials, Sari, 2012. (In Persian)

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 13 September 2021
  • Revise Date: 15 July 2022
  • Accept Date: 06 August 2023
  • Publish Date: 23 September 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics