Analysis of Resilience Indicators in Urban Blocks with Passive Defense Approach (Case Study: Tehran Metropolis)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning - Passive Defense, Faculty of Passive Defense, National Defense University, Tehran, Iran

2 PhD in Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran

Abstract

Today, reducing the risk of natural and man-made disasters by using passive defenses and increasing the resilience of cities have become the goals of many cities. With the synergy between the two concepts of urban resilience and passive urban defense, cities are strengthened to a large extent against man-made and natural crises. The aim of the current research is to analyze the resilience indicators in the blocks of the Tehran metropolis according to the passive defense approach. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The collection of information for the extraction of indicators has been done with the library and documentary methods. Then the layers related to 92 urban resilience indicators with a passive defense approach were collected using Tehran Municipality data, Open Street Map website, Google Earth website, and statistical blocks of the Tehran metropolis in 2015 and pre-processed and prepared in Arc GIS software. The IHWP model was used in Arc GIS software to analyze the indicators. The indicators rating questionnaire in the IHWP model process has been completed by 25 experts. The results of the IHWP model have shown that 9.62% of the total area of the Tehran metropolis has very low resilience, 17.09% has low resilience, 27.24% has medium resilience, 30.46% has high resilience and 15.58% has very high resilience. The inner and central parts of Tehran have a higher level of resilience and the outer and peripheral parts, especially in the west and east of the metropolis, have a lower level of resilience. Finally, solutions for improving urban resilience with a passive defense approach in the Tehran metropolis have been presented.

Keywords

Smiley face

References

[1] A. Jamali, M. Robati, H. Nikoomaram, F. Farsad, and H. Aghamohammadi, “Urban Resilience and Climate Change: Developing a Multidimensional Index to Adapt against Climate Change in the Iranian Capital City of Tehran”, Urban Science, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-18, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci7010007
[2] E. Zuraidi, R. Zainol, Y. Ahmad, and A. Achmad, “Understanding the Evolution and Global Trends of Resilience and Urban Planning Studies: A Bibliometric Analysis”, Planning Malaysia, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 260-271, 2022. https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v20i24.1203
[3] K. Bazi, M. Khemri, and E. Moameri, “Spatial evaluation of vulnerability of strategic and vulnerable uses in Gorgan city based passive defence approach”, Urban Structure and Function Studies, vol. 5, no. 17, pp. 69-92, 2019. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22080/shahr.1970.2111
[4] E. Elkhidir, S. Mannakkara, T. F. Henning, and S. Wilkinson, “A pathway towards resilient cities: National resilience knowledge networks”, Cities, vol. 136, pp. 1-17, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104243
[5] M. R. Farzad Behtash, M. A. Keynejhad, M. T. Pirbabaei, and A. Asgary, “Evaluation and analysis of dimensions and components of Tabriz metropolis resiliency”, Journal of Fine Arts: Architecture & Urban Planning, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 33-42, 2013. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22059/jfaup.2013.51316
[6] X. Zhang, and H. Li, “Urban resilience and urban sustainability: what we know and what do not know?”, Cities, vol. 72, no. 83, pp. 141-148, 2018.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.08.009
[7] M. Gholami, V. Nazari, E. Nasiri, and A. Hourizadeh, “Analysis of gravity centers-city services based on the principles of passive defense (Case Study: City of Buin Zahra)”, Urban Structure and Function Studies, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 55-77, 2014. (In Persian). https://magiran.com/p1912717
[8] M. Wubneh, “Planning, Urban Resilience, and Sustainability. Planning for Cities in Crisis”, Springer, pp. 3-29, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18416-1_1
[9] G. Büyüközkan, Ö. Ilıcak, and O. Feyzioğlu, “A review of urban resilience literature”, Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 77, pp. 1-14, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103579
[10] M. S. Dastjerdi, A. Lak, A. Ghaffari, and A. Sharifi, “A conceptual framework for resilient place assessment based on spatial resilience approach: An integrative review”, Urban Climate, vol. 36, pp. 1-17, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100794
[11] I. Tumini, P. Villagra-Islas, and G. Herrmann-Lunecke, “Evaluating reconstruction effects on urban resilience: a comparison between two Chilean tsunami-prone cities”, Natural Hazards, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 1363-1392, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2630-4
[12] B. Hannibal, S. Meerow, S. C. Woodruff, M. Roy, P. G. Gilbertson, and M. Matos, “Who collaborates on urban resilience? An analysis of flood resilience planning networks in four coastal cities”, Journal of Urban Affairs, pp. 1-18, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2022.2137033
[13] S. A. Naqavi, “Investigation of strategies to improve resilience using passive defense principles in urban design”, Master's thesis, Payam Noor University., Tehran, 2018. (In Persian).
[14] M. Pouryarmohammadi, “Analysis of urban physical-functional components based on passive defense indicators with urban resilience approach (case study: Ahvaz city),” Master's Thesis, Gilan University., Rasht, 2017. (In Persian).
[15] H. Mehdizadeh, Q. Ahmadi, M. R. Pakdel Fard, and M. Faramarzi Asl, “Assessing the Vulnerability of Checkered and Semi- Checkered Texture of Salmas City against the Earthquake with Emphasis on Passive Defense”, Urban and Rural Management,  vol. 20, no. 65, pp. 7-23, 2022. (In Persian). http://ijurm.imo.org.ir/article-1-3198-fa.html
[16] E. Mavedat, P. Garmsiri, and K. momeni, “Estimated distribution of urban resilience from the perspective of the earthquake crisis using the Spatial Stats Model (Case Study of Ilam)”, Regional Planning, vol. 9, no. 36, pp. 119-134, 2020. (In Persian). https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.22516735.1398.9.36.8.7
 [17] S. Raisi, K. Momeni, M. R. Bemanian, and E. Mavedat, “Ranking of urban areas to locate safe spaces based on criteria of crisis management and passive defense using the VIKOR model, a case study: Ahvaz metropolis”, Urban and Rural Management,  vol. 4, no. 57, pp. 41-57, 2018. (In Persian). http://magiran.com/p2155575
[18] S. mohammadi, R. soror, A. Tavakolan, and S. M. Pourmosavi, “Investigation and of the effects of urban resilience components on passive defense (Case study: Sirjan city)”, Geographical Engineering of Territory, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 599-614, 2023. (In Persian). https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.25381490.1402.7.3.10.8
[19] Y. Ebrahimian Ghajari, “Evaluation of Physical Resilience of Urban Areas from the Perspective of Passive Defense Using Geospatial Analysis and PROMETHEE II Technique (Case Study: Babol City)”, Journal of Geomatics Science and Technology, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 45-60,‏ 2021. (In Persian). http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.2322102.1400.11.2.4.4
[20] J. Saeedi, “Development of resilience scenarios of border cities of Khuzestan province with a passive defense approach (case study: Abadan and Khorramshahr cities)”, Master's thesis, Chamran Ahvaz University., Ahvaz, 2019. (In Persian).
[21] C. He, Q. Zhang, G. Wang, V. P. Singh, T. Li, and S. Cui, “Evaluation of Urban Resilience of China’s Three Major Urban Agglomerations Using Complex Adaptive System Theory”, Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 19, pp. 14-37, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914537
[22] J. Chen, H. Ma, S. Yang, Z. Zhou, J. Huang, and L. Chen, “Assessment of Urban Resilience and Detection of Impact Factors Based on Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis and GeoDetector Model: A Case of Hunan Province”, ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 391-420, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12100391
[23] D. Anelli, F. Tajani, and R. Ranieri, “Urban resilience against natural disasters: Mapping the risk with an innovative indicators-based assessment approach”, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 371, pp. 13-34, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133496
[24] M. Pouryarmohammadi, H. Ahmadi, and A. Salaripour, “Developing physical resilience strategies in passive defense according to identification of endangered areas of urban environments (case study: Ahvaz city)”, International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 14-30, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDRBE-08-2020-0086
[25] S. Asadi, A. Meshkini, S. A. Alavi, and S. Ghaedrahmati, “Explaining housing scenarios for vulnerable urban groups   Case Study: metropolis Tehran”, Human Geography Research, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 871-888, 2020. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22059/jhgr.2019.250120.1007623
[26] E. shieh, K. habibi, and K. torabi, “Investigating of Urban Streets Network Vulnerability Against Earthquake, Using of IHWP & GIS; the Case Study: the 6TH Zone of Tehran”, Bagh-e Nazar, vol. 7, no. 13, pp. 35-48, 2010. (In Persian). https://www.bagh-sj.com/article_24.html?lang=fa
[27] A. Latifi, K. Ziari, and S. M. Naderi, “The key components' explanation of increasing Tehran physical resilience against earthquakes with a structural analysis approach (Case study: District 10)”, Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 161-182, 2021. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22067/geoeh.2021.69072.1026
[28] A. Abedini, and A. Sheikhi, “Evaluation and Defense Survey of Urmia City Using GIS”, Passive Defense, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 33-48, 2023. (In Persian). https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20086849.1402.14.4.4.0
[29] R. Khanbabaee Saatloo, G. ahmadi, R. Darskhan, and M. S. Moosavi, “Providing an analytical model for passive defense of cities (Case Study: Urmia city)”, protectiv & security researches, vol. 8, no. 30, pp. 149-178, 2019. (In Persian). https://magiran.com/p2154366
[30] I. Majic, and E. Pafka, “AwaP-IC an Open-Source GIS Tool for Measuring Walkable Access”, Urban Science, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 31-48, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3020048
[31] A. Meshkini, and M. Hasanalizadeh, “Analysis of the resilience of residential indicators in urban spaces with a spatial justice approach (Study sample: Ghaemshahr city)”, Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 185-203, 2021. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22067/geoeh.2021.69395.1034
 [32] H. Poursamsam, E. Akbari, and K. Momeni, “The Approach of Passive Defense in the Location of Essential Items Storage with the Help of AHP”, Passive Defense, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 101-110, 2023. (In Persian). https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20086849.1402.14.4.9.5
[33] N. Moradpour, A. Pourahmad, H. Hataminejad, K. Ziari, and A. Sharifi, “An overview of the state of urban resilience in Iran”, International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 154-184, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDRBE-01-2022-0001
[34] S.  Nedae Tousi, A.  Shahsafi, M.  Ghaffari, and A.  Taheri, “Physical Pathology of Tehran Metropolitan Area (TMA)’s Spatial Logic, From the Perspective of Passive Defense Principles”, Hoviatshahr, vol. 9, no. 21, pp. 41-56, 2014. (In Persian). https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.17359562.1394.9.21.4.2
[35] M. H. yazdani, M. parsay mogaddam, and A. seyedin, “Application of Passive Defense Approach in Location of Public and Multi-Purpose Shelters (Case Study: Ardabil City)”, Geographical Planning of Space, vol. 9, no. 34, pp. 153-172, 2020. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.30488/gps.2020.102601
[36] H. Mahmoudzadeh, A. PouyanJam, and S. AsgharZadeh, “Spatial Analysis of the Protected Zone and Vulnerability of Urban Facilities in Mashhad to Useful Airstrikes, from a Passive Security Viewpoint”, Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 191-203, 2020. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22067/geo.v0i0.82738
[37] S. M. Sharifi, A. Khadem Al-Hosseini, Gh. R. Jalali Farahani, A. Gandomkar, and M. Modiri Khalilabad, “Presenting the model of emergency evacuation and placement of temporary accommodation in areas 1 and 3 of Isfahan with a passive defense approach”, Urban and Rural Management, vol. 21, no. 67, pp. 7-24, 2022. (In Persian). http://ijurm.imo.org.ir/article-1-3240-fa.html
[38] A. Salimi Tari, F. Babaei Semiromi, M. R. Tabesh, R. Arjmandi, and A. Heidari, “Determining the components of resilience with emphasis on environmental resilience in a possible earthquake in Tehran”, Disaster Prevention and Management Knowledge, Vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 395-407, 2021. (In Persian). http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.23225955.1399.10.4.7.9
[39] O. mobaraki, M. Esmaeilpour, and V. Ebrahimi, “Assessing the Vulnerability of Urban Housing the Passive Defense approach”, Passive Defense, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 57-74, 2023. (In Persian). https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20086849.1402.14.4.6.2
[40] Y. Moarrab, B. Sepehrzad, and M. Naderi, “Evaluation of City’s Structural Vulnerability to Earthquake with Non-Active Defense Approach (Case Study: District 2 of Tehran)”, Passive Defense, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 31-43, 2020. (In Persian). https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20086849.1399.11.2.4.5
[41] Gh.  Siyami, m. Golmohammadi, and A. Talebi, “Assessing the risks of aqueducts in urban crisis management (Case Study of Neishabour City)”, Application of Geography information system and remote sensing in planning, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 83-97, 2019. (In Persian). https://sanad.iau.ir/en/Journal/gisrs/Article/934585
[42] H. abdolmaleki, Y. karimipor, S. Y. rahim safavi, and A. abdi, “Designing the pattern of affecting factors in spatial distribution of Tehran important centers whit passive defence approach”, Geography (Regional Planning), vol. 9, no. 35, pp. 161-184, 2019. (In Persian). https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.22286462.1398.9.3.35.3
[43] M. Heidarimozaffar, and M. TajBakhshian, “Zoning the Vulnerability of Nahavand Settlements to Earthquakes”, Journal of Natural Environmental Hazards, vol. 11, no. 34, pp. 57-78, 2022. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22111/jneh.2022.39334.1830
[44] G. Brunetta, and S. Salata, “Mapping urban resilience for spatial planning—A first attempt to measure the vulnerability of the system”, Sustainability, vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1-24, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082331
[45] N. darmani, H. Parvaresh, M. Dehghani, and V. Ailpour, “Survey the relationship between air quality and urban resilience in Bandar Abbas and presenting urban management and planning strategies”, Geography (Regional Planning), vol. 12, no. 48, pp. 720-733, 2022. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22034/jgeoq.2022.304391.3294
[46] Y. Wang, H. Li, Y. Shi, and Q. Yao, “A Study on Spatial Accessibility of the Urban Stadium Emergency Response under the Flood Disaster Scenario”, Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 24, pp. 1-15, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142417041
[47] A. Nikpour, S. Lotfi, and M. Hasanalizadeh, “Urban-Poverty Spatial Analysis, Using Factor-Analysis Method (Case Study: Qaa'emshahr City)”, Spatial Planning, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 103-124, 2019. (In Persian). https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.22287485.1398.9.1.7.6
[48] A. Sharifi, and Y. Yamagata, “Urban resilience assessment: Multiple dimensions, criteria, and indicators, Urban resilience”, Springer, pp. 259-276, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39812-9_13
[49] M. Moghadas, A. Asadzadeh, A. Vafeidis, A. Fekete, and T. Kötter, “A multi-criteria approach for assessing urban flood resilience in Tehran, Iran”, disaster risk reduction, vol. 35, pp. 1-27, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101069
[50] B. Tempels, “Resilient Cities and Homeowners Action: Governing for Flood Resilience Through Homeowner Contributions, In Homeowners and the Resilient City”, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 17-33, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17763-7_2
[51] S. L. Cutter, C. G. Burton, and C. T. Emrich, “Disaster resilience indicators for benchmarking baseline conditions”, Journal of homeland security and emergency management, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-14, 2010. https://doi.org/10.2202/1547-7355.1732

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 22 March 2024
  • Revise Date: 31 August 2024
  • Accept Date: 22 September 2024
  • Publish Date: 15 December 2024

Share

How to cite

Statistics