Identifying Physical and Environmental Requirements for Preventing Urban Vulnerability Based on Passive Defense Principles (Case Study: Region 2 of Urmia City)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

2 Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

In recent years, considering the current conditions of the country, attention has been paid to the principles and criteria of passive defense in preventing urban damage. Urban vulnerability refers to the amount of damage that occurs to urban components and elements in the event of an accident. This study aims to investigate the effect of two important physical and environmental factors on reducing urban vulnerability based on passive defense criteria. The statistical population of the study is the citizens of Region 2 of Urmia city, of which 383 people were included in the analysis using Cochran sampling. The research tool is a citizen questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. In order to identify the physical and environmental requirements affecting the analysis of urban vulnerability based on the principles of passive defense, R factor analysis was used. After collecting data and completing the questionnaire, 6 basic and important criteria with a passive defense approach were selected and examined by experts under factor analysis. The results indicate the impact of 6 basic physical and environmental requirements, which include: vulnerability zoning studies and crisis risks or preparing a comprehensive plan for the city's passive defense, considering programs, approvals, operational budgets, and executive policies in order to implement passive defense approaches in the city environment with a specific amount, considering measures for land uses on the Urmia-Zarineh Rood fault, measures and efforts to increase passive defense requirements in the spatial structure of the city (passageways, structures), requirements for the improvement and restoration of historical monuments and buildings in accordance with the principles of passive defense, principled and correct application of the requirements of national building issues in urban design criteria, sensitive and vital structures of the city. In total, these 6 requirements explain the total variance with a total variance of 56.71.

Keywords

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Passive Defense
Volume 16, Issue 3 - Serial Number 63
Serial number 63. Autumn 2025
October 2025
Pages 85-94

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History

  • Receive Date: 23 February 2025
  • Revise Date: 01 April 2025
  • Accept Date: 20 September 2025
  • Publish Date: 22 October 2025

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