Explaining the Indicators for Improving the Resilience of Residential Areas Against Man-Made Threats (Case Study: Evin Neighborhood)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD student, Department of Architectural, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Architectural, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

3 Professor, Department of Architectural, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Throughout human history, housing has consistently been a fundamental need. Today, residential zones play a decisive role in shaping cities; however, they face considerable deficiencies across multiple resilience indicators. Consequently, natural and human-made hazards constitute a core challenge to achieving safety and sustainable security in residential areas. This applied study adopts a descriptive–analytical approach, using documentary research and questionnaires for data collection. First, intentional human-made threats were identified and evaluated with the MARCOS method. Second, indicators for enhancing the resilience of residential zones against these threats were specified and assessed using the IHWP method. Third, the results of the second stage were applied to the case study of the Evin neighborhood. Findings from stage one indicate that, among drone and missile attacks, mortar attacks, terrorist attacks, riots/unrest, arson, chemical attacks, and biological attacks, drone and missile attacks have the highest likelihood of occurrence. Stage-two results show that, in descending order, the criteria of building and structure, land use, urban spatial structure, architecture, supporting urban utilities and facilities, income, employment, population, and social cohesion exert the greatest influence on enhancing residential resilience. In stage three, the resilience of Evin’s residential zones to drone and missile attacks was estimated at 5.73%, signaling a highly unfavorable condition and multiple challenges across the neighborhood’s physical, socio-cultural, and economic dimensions.

Keywords

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References

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Passive Defense
Volume 17, Issue 1 - Serial Number 65
Serial number 65. Spring 2026
May 2026
Pages 103-122

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  • Receive Date: 08 August 2025
  • Revise Date: 06 October 2025
  • Accept Date: 17 December 2025
  • Publish Date: 22 May 2026

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