Modeling and Designing Physical Barriers for the Safety of Hazardous Material Storage Tanks with a Civil Defense Approach

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Master's degree in crisis management, non-operating engineering and defense university complex, Malik Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

2 Professor, Malik Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Hazardous material storage and containment equipment in industries are constantly exposed to serious threats due to risks from intentional and malicious attacks. This necessitates serious attention and actions regarding safety and security in these facilities. This research focuses on the assessment and modeling of safety distances for pressurized storage equipment against shooting threats. In this context, threats from small arms were first identified, and various bullets were categorized based on their physical and mechanical characteristics. Subsequently, using bullet penetration models, the projectile's critical velocity and maximum stand-off distance were calculated. The results indicate that safe distances depend on the type of weapon and the characteristics of the target, with stand-off distances averaging less than 11 meters for handguns and varying up to 1135 meters for rifle projectiles. Additionally, a Monte Carlo analysis examined the impact of the shooter's offset angle on safety distances, revealing that this effect is particularly significant when shooting at small targets. These findings serve as a basis for designing protective barriers and security measures in hazardous material storage facilities. Ultimately, this research emphasizes the importance of employing civil defense approaches and training personnel to enhance the resilience and safety of these facilities.

Keywords

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Passive Defense
Volume 17, Issue 1 - Serial Number 65
Serial number 65. Spring 2026
May 2026
Pages 1-18

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History

  • Receive Date: 12 December 2024
  • Revise Date: 29 December 2024
  • Accept Date: 23 February 2025
  • Publish Date: 22 May 2026

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