[1] G. Zarei and S. Abazarloo, “Assessment of urban vulnerability using AHP with passive defense approach: Case study of Tehran,” Safe City J., vol. 1, no. 2, 2018. (In Persian) https://www.ispdrc.ir/article_705603.html
[2] S. A. Hosseini et al., “Assessment of vulnerable elements and passive defense considerations in Tehran buffer zone,” in Proc. 1st Conf. Urban Planning with Passive Defense Approach, Malek Ashtar Univ., 2011. (In Persian)
[3] B. Wisner et al., “Proactive approach to disaster reduction,” Feinstein Int. Famine Center Report, Kobe Conf., Japan, 2005.
[4] M. M. Azizi and M. Bornafar, “Optimal urban planning during air attacks from passive defense perspective,” Urban Stud. Q., no. 1, pp. 9–22, 2012. (In Persian) https://urbstudies.uok.ac.ir/article_1271.html
[5] A. Shahi Vandi and H. Sheikhi, “Evaluation of urban vulnerability based on passive defense principles: Case study of Hamedan,” J. Phys. Dev. Plan., no. 4, pp. 81–92, 2018. (In Persian)
[6] G. Siyami et al., “Defensive pathology of urban structure using AHP and GIS: Case study of Gorgan,” Geogr. Spat. Plan., vol. 3, no. 10, pp. 21–42, 2013. (In Persian) https://gps.gu.ac.ir/article_7382.html
[7] H. Kamran and H. Hosseini Amini, “Application of passive defense in urban and regional planning: Case study of Shahriar,” Geogr. Space, vol. 12, no. 38, pp. 215–237, 2012. (In Persian)
[8] P. Brandon, “Extreme management in disaster recovery,” Procedia Eng., vol. 14, pp. 14–21, 2011.
[9] M. Ghazanfari, Vulnerability Assessment of Metro Stations Against Man-Made Threats, M.S. thesis, Malek Ashtar Univ., 2013. (In Persian)
[10] H. Moradi, “Evaluation of urban land uses with passive defense approach: Case study of Ilam,” Applied Research Report, Law Enforcement Research Office, Ilam, 2024. (In Persian)
[11] H. Moradi and S. Maleki, “Evaluation of passive defense principles in urban water infrastructures of Ilam,” J. Passive Defense, in press, 2025.
[12] J. Sadidi et al., “Assessment of residential land-use vulnerability against external threats: Case study of Tehran District 10,” J. Spat. Anal. Environ. Hazards, vol. 10, no. 3, 2023. (In Persian) https://www.sid.ir/paper/1494892/fa
[13] M. Dehghan et al., “Evaluation of urban land uses with passive defense approach,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Architecture and Urban Planning, Tabriz, 2022. (In Persian)
[14] Z. Salahshour et al., “Assessment of urban infrastructure vulnerability with passive defense approach: Case study of Shirvan,” Geogr. Q., vol. 20, no. 72, 2022. (In Persian)
[15] M. Kadkhodaei et al., “Urban spatial planning with passive defense approach in Zahedan,” Peri-Urban Space Dev., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 67–90, 2021. (In Persian)
[16] M. Gholamzadeh Sistani, The Role of Passive Defense in Urban Construction Management (Case Study: Shiraz) , M.S. thesis, Dept. Civil Eng., Allameh Mohaddeseh Noori Univ., 2021. (In Persian)
[17] H.-M. Lyu and Z.-Y. Yin, “An improved MCDM combined with GIS for risk assessment of multi-hazards in Hong Kong,” Sustain. Cities Soc., vol. 93, p. 104427, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scs.2023.104427
[18] A. Jamali, M. Robati, H. Nikoomaram, F. Farsad, and H. Aghamohammadi, “Urban resilience assessment using hybrid MCDM model based on DEMATEL–ANP method (DANP),” J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens., vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 893–915, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-023-01670-8.
[19] I. Pal et al., Science and Technology for Multi-Hazard Vulnerability, Climate Change and Resilience Building, vol. 1, 2022.
[20] M. Pourmohammadi, H. Ahmadi, and A. Salaripour, “Developing physical resilience strategies in passive defense according to identification of endangered areas of urban environments: Case study of Ahvaz,” Int. J. Disaster Resil. Built Environ., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 14–30, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDRBE-08-2020-0086.
[21] F. Moraci et al., “Making less vulnerable cities: Resilience as a new paradigm of smart planning,” Sustainability, vol. 10, no. 3, p. 755, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390 /su10030755.
[22] P. Yadollahi et al., “Managerial strategies for reducing flood hazard consequences using SWOT: Case study of Hamedan–Bahar Plain,” J. Watershed Manag. Res., vol. 11, no. 22, pp. 188–198, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/jwmr.11.22.188
[23] M. R. Narimisa, N. E. A. Basri, and M. Elahi, “Passive defense: Measuring and evaluating urban vulnerability with resilience approach,” Religación, vol. 4, no. 13, pp. 153–160, 2019.
[24] Deputy of Planning, Ilam Governorate, Statistical Yearbook of Ilam Province, 2021. (In Persian).
[25] Naqsh-e Jahan Pars Consulting Engineers, Detailed Plan of Tehran Region 6, 2007. (In Persian)
[26] M. H. Yazdani and A. Seydin, “Urban vulnerability assessment from passive defense perspective: Case study of Ardabil,” Sepehr Geogr. Inf. Q., vol. 25, no. 100, pp. 18–22, 2016. (In Persian)
