پدافند غیرعامل

پدافند غیرعامل

بازشناسی مفهوم هواپیمای بدون سرنشین و راهکارهای مقابله با تهدیدات آن‌ها در عرصه شهری (نمونه مورد مطالعه: شهرک شهید محلاتی، شهرک شهید چمران و مجتمع سرو دانشگاه شهید بهشتی)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 استادیار گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران
2 استاد گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه علم و صنعت، تهران، ایران
چکیده .
افزایش تهدیدات هوایی با ماهیت نظامی، به‌ویژه پرنده‌های هدایت‌پذیر از دور (پهپادها) علیه زیرساخت‌های شهری، به یکی از چالش‌های اساسی دولت‌ها تبدیل شده است. مقابله ساختاریافته با این تهدیدات نوپدید، مستلزم شناخت دقیق ماهیت و راهبردهای عملیاتی آن‌ها در میدان نبرد چندبُعدی شهری است. پژوهش کاربردی حاضر با هدف بازشناسی ویژگی‌های تهدیدات مبتنی بر پهپادها و تدوین راهکارهای پدافندی چندلایه جهت ارتقا تاب‌آوری کالبدی سکونتگاه‌های شهری انجام شده است. این مطالعه با رویکردی ترکیبی (کمی-کیفی) و بهره‌گیری از روش «پس‌کاوی» برای تحلیل آسیب‌پذیری‌ها پیش رفته و داده‌های آن از طریق مطالعات اسنادی و مشاهدات میدانی در سه مجموعه مسکونی (شهرک‌های شهید محلاتی، شهید چمران و مجتمع سرو) گردآوری و تحلیل شده‌اند. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که دفاع مؤثر شهری نیازمند تلفیق تدابیر «فوری» و «بلندمدت» است. تدابیر فوری شامل به‌کارگیری سامانه‌های سدکننده فیزیکی (نظیر تورهای منعطف و شبکه‌های صلب) برای خنثی‌سازی انرژی جنبشی پرتابه‌ها پیش از اصابت است. در مقابل، تدابیر بلندمدت بر نهادینه‌سازی پدافند کالبدی در دو بُعد تمرکز دارند: در بُعد «فضای سطحی»، ایجاد دالان‌های هوایی مجزا برای عبور و مرور مجاز و مکان‌یابی ابنیه حساس به دور از معابر اصلی به‌منظور دشوار ساختن ناوبری بصری هواگرد مهاجم به‌هنگام بروز اختلال در سامانه‌های ناوبری ماهواره‌ای پیشنهاد می‌شود. در بُعد «فضای روسطحی» نیز راهکارها در سه مقیاس ارائه شده‌اند: در مقیاس مجموعه قطعه[بلوک]، استفاده از کدهای ارتفاعی ناهمگون جهت محدودسازی مانور هواگردها و جلوگیری از قفل لیزری تسلیحات هدایت شونده؛ در مقیاس ساختمان، طراحی فرم‌های نامتقارن و نماهای پیچیده برای ایجاد ابهام بصری؛ و در مقیاس اجزا ساختمان، اجرای جداره‌های فداشونده (برای اخلال در فیوز مهمات تأخیری)، کاربرد بتن مسلح درجا (جهت دفع موج انفجار) و استفاده از مصالح بازتابنده یا ناهموار به‌منظور انحراف و تفرق سیگنال موشک‌های هدایت‌شونده مورد تأکید قرار گرفته است.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Understanding Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Countermeasures Against Their Threats in Urban Environments (Case Study: Shahid Mahallati Residential Complex, Shahid Chamran Residential Complex, and Sarv Residential Complex of Shahid Beheshti University)

نویسندگان English

Abolfazl Ghorbani 1
Behzadfar Mostafa 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
2 Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
چکیده . English

The increase in aerial threats of a military nature, particularly Remotely Piloted Vehicles / Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs / drones), against urban infrastructure has become a fundamental challenge for governments. A structured approach to countering these emerging threats requires a precise understanding of their nature and operational strategies within the multidimensional urban battlefield. This applied study was conducted to re-evaluate the characteristics of drone-based threats and formulate multilayered defense strategies to enhance the physical resilience of urban settlements. Employing a mixed-methods (quantitative-qualitative) approach and using the "backcasting" method to analyze vulnerabilities, data were collected and analyzed through documentary research and field observations across three residential complexes (Shahid Mahallati, Shahid Chamran, and Sarv Complex). The findings demonstrate that effective urban defense necessitates combining "immediate" and "long-term" measures. Immediate measures include deploying physical barrier systems (such as flexible nets and rigid grids) to neutralize the kinetic energy of the projectile prior to impact. Conversely, long-term measures focus on institutionalizing physical passive defense across two dimensions: in the "surface space" dimension, establishing designated air corridors for authorized traffic and locating critical buildings away from main thoroughfares are proposed to hinder the visual navigation of attacking aircraft during satellite navigation system disruptions. In the "above-surface space" dimension, solutions are provided across three scales: at the urban block scale, utilizing heterogeneous height codes to restrict aircraft maneuvers and prevent laser-locking of guided weapons; at the building scale, designing asymmetrical forms and complex facades to induce visual ambiguity; and at the building component scale, implementing sacrificial walls (to disrupt delay-fused munitions), using cast-in-place reinforced concrete (to dissipate blast waves), and applying reflective or rough materials to deflect and scatter guided missile signals.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)Airspace Management
Urban Battlefield
Surface Space
Super Surface
[1] A. Vidović, I. Štimac, T. Mihetec, and S. Patrlj, "Application of drones in urban areas," Transportation research procedia, vol. 81, pp. 84-97, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2024.11.010.
[2] PwC, "Drone Deliveries: Taking Retail and Logistics to New Heights," 2024. [Online]. Available: https://cee.pwc.com/drone-powered-solutions/drone-deliveries-taking-retail-and-logistics-to-new-heights.html
[3] T. X. Hammes. "The Democratization of Airpower: The Insurgent and the Drone." War on the Rocks. https://warontherocks.com/2016/10/the-democratization-of-airpower-the-insurgent-and-the-drone/ (accessed.
[4] J. Łukasiewicz and A. Kobaszyńska-Twardowska, "Proposed method for building an anti-drone system for the protection of facilities important for state security," Security and Defence Quarterly, vol. 39, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.35467/sdq/149268.
[5] A. Bitarafan, m. shahbazi, and f. habib, "Explaining the Indicators for Improving the Resilience of Residential Areas Against Man-Made Threats (Case Study: Evin Neighborhood)," Passive Defence, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 103-122, 2026, doi: 10.47176/pd.2026.1562.
[6] S. F. Lari, H. Beyti, and B. Shafaei, "Analysis of Design Components for Safe Residential Complexes with a Passive Defense Approach (A Case Study of Tabriz )," Passive Defence, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 123-140, 2026, doi: 10.47176/pd.2026.1572.
[7] U. D. o. Defense, "Unmanned aircraft systems roadmap 2005–2030," 2005.
[8] S. O’Donnell, "A Not-So-Short History of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)." [Online]. Available: https://consortiq.com/uas-resources/short-history-unmanned-aerial-vehicles-uavs
[9] H. Sahami and A. Ramezani, "UAV Rout Optimization for Maximum Coverage in Images," پدافند غیرعامل, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 1-10, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://pd.ihu.ac.ir/article_200757_4a467a964eec6ebc0ec0c4cc8fc77ae1.pdf.
[10] USAF, Command and Control of Joint Air Operations. The United States Air Force (USAF) Joint Publication 3-30, 2019.
[11] G-7, "Missile Technology Control Regime Annex Handbook," 1987.
[12] GAO, "Nonproliferation: Agencies could improve information sharing and end-use monitoring on unmanned aerial vehicle exports," United States Government Accountability Office, 2012.
[13] H. Y. Grisaro, S. Turygan, and P. W. Sielicki, "Concrete slab damage and hazard from close-in detonation of weaponized commercial unmanned aerial vehicles," Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 147, no. 11, p. 04021190, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003158.
[14] K. Bondar, "Ukraine’s Future Vision and Current Capabilities for Waging AI-Enabled Autonomous Warfare," CSIS Wadhwani AI Center, 2025.
[15] M. K. Lima. "Munitions Modernization: The Family of Drone Munitions." army.mil. https://www.army.mil/article/280364/munitions_modernization_the_family_of_drone_munitions (accessed.
[16] ALSA, MULTI-SERVICE TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES FOR AVIATION URBAN OPERATIONSAviation Urban Operations. US Air Force at US Air Force Center for Doctrine Development and Education, 2022.
[17] DOD, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. Department of Defense, 2025.
[18] S. Y. Alaba, "GPS-IMU sensor fusion for reliable autonomous vehicle position estimation," arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.08119, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2405.08119.
[19] Economist, "When GPS fails, how can weapons find their targets?," ed, 2023.
[20] A. Mohamadi, H. Nahavandchi, and A. Khodabandeh, "Phase-Only positioning in urban environments: assessing its potential for mass-market GNSS receivers," Journal of Spatial Science, pp. 1-13, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14498596.2025.2536567.
[21] F. Lu, S. Chen, M. Liu, J. Wang, F. Ma, and T. Yang, "A target recapturing method for the millimeter wave seeker with narrow beamwidth," in IGARSS 2018-2018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2018: IEEE, pp. 2841-2844, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2018.8518402.
[22] L. P. Cecchini, E. Pizzingrilli, S. Russo, and U. F. D'Elia, "MMW active phased array seeker project for Hit To Kill engagement," in 2008 IEEE Radar Conference, 2008: IEEE, pp. 1-6, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/RADAR.2008.4720743.
[23] DOD, LASER RANGE SAFETY. USA Department of Defense, 2011.
[24] JOINT-STAFF, METHODOLOGY FOR COMBAT ASSESSMENT. United States Department of Defense 2019.
[25] U.S.Army, FM 3-34.214-Explosives and Demolitions. D. o. Headquar, 2007.
[26] R. Shrestha, I. Oh, and S. Kim, "A survey on operation concept, advancements, and challenging issues of urban air traffic management," Frontiers in Future Transportation, vol. 2, p. 626935, 2021.
[27] GAO. "Drone Operations." U.S. Government Accountability Office. https://www.gao.gov/drone-operations (accessed.
[28] FAA, Aeronautical Information Manual. Federal Aviation Administration 2017.
[29]FAA, "UTM Concept of Operations Version 2.0 (UTM ConOps v2.0)," 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.faa.gov/researchdevelopment/trafficmanagement/utm-concept-operations-version-20-utm-conops-v20
[30]             SESAR, "SESAR concept of operations for U-Space," 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.sesarju.eu/node/3411.
[31] M. F. B. Mohamed Salleh et al., "Preliminary concept of adaptive urban airspace management for unmanned aircraft operations," in 2018 AIAA Information Systems-AIAA Infotech@ Aerospace, 2018, p. 2260.
[32] H. Ushijima, "UTM project in Japan," in Proceedings of the Global UTM Conference, Montreal, QC, Canada, 2017, vol. 26.
[33] J. M. Hoekstra, R. N. Van Gent, and R. C. Ruigrok, "Designing for safety: the ‘free flight’air traffic management concept," Reliability Engineering & System Safety, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 215-232, 2002, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0951-8320(01)00096-5.
[34] X. Yang and P. Wei, "Autonomous on-demand free flight operations in urban air mobility using Monte Carlo tree search," in International Conference on Research in Air Transportation (ICRAT), Barcelona, Spain, 2018, vol. 8.
[35] EUROCONTROL, "UAS ATM Integration Operational Concept," 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/publication/files/uas-atm-integration-operational-concept-v1.0-release%2020181128.pdf
[36] D.-S. Jang, C. A. Ippolito, S. Sankararaman, and V. Stepanyan, "Concepts of airspace structures and system analysis for uas traffic flows for urban areas," in AIAA Information Systems-AIAA Infotech@ Aerospace, 2017, p. 0449.
[37] E. Sunil et al., "Metropolis: Relating airspace structure and capacity for extreme traffic densities," in ATM seminar 2015, 11th USA/EUROPE Air Traffic Management R&D Seminar, 2015.
[38] Z. Yang, "Food delivery by drone is just part of daily life in Shenzhen," MIT Technology Review, 2023.
[39] X. He, L. Li, Y. Mo, Z. Sun, and S. J. Qin, "Air corridor planning for urban drone delivery: Complexity analysis and comparison via multi-commodity network flow and graph search," Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, vol. 193, p. 103859, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2024.103859.
[40] Google_Earth, "Tehran Map," ed: Google, 2025.
[41] LockerArchitectural. "High Security Netting to Prevent Drone Access and Throw-Overs." https://architecturalwiremesh.com/blog/anti-drone-security-netting/ (accessed.
[42] Thinkdefence. "Counter Drone Nets." https://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/2024/12/counter-drone-nets/ (accessed 2025).
[43] МО. "Russian Drones Burn Through Ukraine’s Anti-Drone Nets." Министерство обороны. https://voennoedelo.com/en/ampposts/id5893-russian-drones-burn-through-ukraine-s-anti-drone-nets (accessed 29-11, 2025).
[44] DefenseExpress. "Better Than Tires: russians Show New Anti-Drone Protection for Su-34 Bombers." https://en.defence-ua.com/weapon_and_tech/better_than_tires_russians_show_new_anti_drone_protection_for_su_34_bombers-7900.html (accessed December 3, 2025).
[45] N. Nikolaienko and I. Lovett, "Ukraine’s Supply Runs Turn to Nightmares as Drones Menace Roads Far Beyond the Front," in wall street journal, ed, 2025.
[46] DefenseExpress. "russians Stretch Anti-Drone Nets Near Bakhmut, and It Could Prove Effective." https://en.defence-ua.com/news/russians_stretch_anti_drone_nets_near_bakhmut_and_it_could_prove_effective-8065.html (accessed December 6, 2025).
[47] Meduza. "Russia’s Belgorod covers kindergartens in anti-drone nets as children head back to school." https://meduza.io/en/feature/2025/09/01/russia-s-belgorod-covers-kindergartens-in-anti-drone-nets-as-children-head-back-to-school (accessed September 1, 2025).
[48] D. Kandinskiy. "Oil Storage Tank Protected by Anti-Drone Netting." shutterstock. https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/oil-storage-tank-protected-by-antidrone-2549216589 (accessed.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
[49] L. Jackson, "A Look Inside the American Embassy in Baghdad," in The New York Times, ed, 2024.
[50] A. Staalesen. "The drone war comes to Nornickel's company town in Kola Peninsula." https://www.thebarentsobserver.com/news/the-drone-war-comes-to-nornickels-company-town-in-kola-peninsula/103450 (accessed october 9, 2025).
[51] D. Zagore, "Murmansk steps up protection against drone attacks," in thebarentsobserver, ed, 2024
[52] S. Vakulenko. "Have Ukrainian Drones Really Knocked Out 38% of Russia’s Oil Refining Capacity?" Moscow Times. https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2025/10/08/have-ukrainian-drones-really-knocked-out-38-of-russias-oil-refining-capacity-a90756 (accessed.
[53] A. L. S. ApplicationCenter, AVIATION URBAN OPERATIONS. Air Land Sea Application Center, 2013.
[54] Tehran-Municipality, "Detailed plan of Tehran," 2019.
[55] ALSA, MULTI-SERVICE TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES FOR AVIATION URBAN OPERATIONSAviation Urban Operations. US Air Force at US Air Force Center for Doctrine Development and Education, 2013.
[56] Joint-Staff, JOINT LASER DESIGNATION PROCEDURES (J-LASER). 1991.
[57] R. K. Nichols, H. C. Mumm, W. D. Lonstein, J. J. Ryan, C. Carter, and J.-P. Hood, Unmanned aircraft systems in the cyber domain. New Prairie Press, 2019.
[58] FEMA, Reference manual to mitigate potential terrorist attacks against buildings. Government Printing Office, 2011.
 [59] Soraya. "Istade Dar Ghobar." Tv1.ir. https://telewebion.com/program/0x125daac6 (accessed 12-12, 2025).
[60] m. vanaei, "The home of the martyred nuclear scientist Fereydoun Abbasi," ed. Tehran: irna.ir, 2025.
[61] SNN. "Removing debris from a residential building in Shahid Chamran town." Snn.ir. (accessed 14-6, 2025).
[62] FEMA, Primer for design of commercial buildings to mitigate terrorist attacks (Risk management series FEMA. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC). 2003.
[63] Ahmadvand and Jafarnejad. "The effects of the Zionist regime's attack on the home of martyred scientist Dr. Tehranchi." ana.ir. (accessed 12-12, 2025).
[64] RCC, LASER RANGE SAFETY. USA Range Commanders Council 1998.
[65] LSSWG, RANGE LASER SAFETY. Department of Defense (DOD) Laser System Safety Working Group (LSSWG), 2011.
دوره 17، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 66
شماره پیا پی 66 تابستان 1405
تابستان 1405
صفحه 145-166

  • تاریخ دریافت 06 دی 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری 24 خرداد 1405
  • تاریخ پذیرش 22 تیر 1405
  • تاریخ انتشار 01 مرداد 1405