Objective:

Iran's oil refineries, due to their vital role in energy supply and economic stability, have consistently been strategic targets of military and hybrid threats from adversaries. The present study is designed with the aim of analyzing the factors affecting the resilience of the Kermanshah refinery against threats arising from aggression and providing practical solutions based on passive defense principles. Critical and sensitive infrastructures constitute part of the fundamental foundations of societies, and damage to them impacts core infrastructures. Oil refineries are of particular importance in terms of geographical location as well as their centrality at the national and provincial levels, where major centers of gravity are situated, and they can always be subjected to various threats from adversaries. The primary objective of this research is to identify and assess the risk vulnerability of oil refineries against enemy threats from a passive defense perspective and to provide a program, technical criteria, and specialized measures for hardening the oil refinery infrastructure in Kermanshah Province.



Method:

This research employs a descriptive-analytical method. Data collection was carried out through library research and field study. For the field assessment, questionnaires, interviews with expert specialists, and direct observation were utilized. The statistical population consisted of 35 managers, senior experts, and specialists in the fields of passive defense, crisis management, and the oil industry, all of whom had at least 5 years of relevant experience and held a bachelor's degree or higher. For data analysis, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique and Expert Choice software were used. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.85.