بازخوانی اصول و مفاهیم پدافند غیرعامل در شهر تاریخی ماسوله

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموخته دکتری، گروه هنر و معمای، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تبریز، تبریز، ایران

2 استاد، گروه معماری و شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران

3 دانشیار، گروه معماری و شهرسازی، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تبریز، تبریز، ایران

4 دانشیار، گروه فرش، دانشکده فرش، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران

چکیده

پیروی از اصول پدافند غیرعامل در آثار معماری و شهرسازی، نقش تعیین‌کننده‌ای در ایجاد پایداری و محافظت از منافع جانی و مالی شهروندان دارد. روش پژوهش به‌صورت توصیفی- تحلیلی است و برای بررسی جامعه آماری از روش‌های میدانی و کتابخانه‌ای استفاده‌ شده است. در این پژوهش 564 بنای موجود در شهر تاریخی ماسوله که برمبنای مفاهیم پدافند غیرعامل بکار گرفته‌شده‌اند، مورد بررسی قرارگرفته است. سؤال پژوهش به شرح ذیل است؛ پدافند غیرعامل چگونه در معماری و شهرسازی شهر تاریخی ماسوله رعایت شده‌اند؟ و چگونه می‌توان با بازخوانی مفاهیم پدافند غیرعامل بکار رفته در ماسوله، برای معماری و شهرسازی شهرهای ایران بهره گرفت؟ نتایج پژوهش نشان‌دهنده آن است؛ مکان‌یابی شهر، پراکندگی ابنیه (حیاتی تا متوسط)، استتار و اختفا شهر، آشفتگی در دید دشمن، استحکامات سازه‌ای ابنیه، مرمت‌پذیری سریع ابنیه، محافظت از تأسیسات شهری، معیارهای طراحی مبلمان شهری، مصالح بکار رفته در سازه و نما، فرم ساختمان‌ها، تعدد ورودی و خروجی‌های متعدد و وجود فضاهای چند عملکردی در طبقات، بازشوهای کوچک و محافظت‌شده در نما، فضای امن، جان‌پناه، دیواره‌های حفاظتی، رعایت ارتفاع و مقیاس ابنیه بر اساس ضرایب اهمیت، حریم‌های آور، دسترسی به اماکن حیاتی و درمانی، مراکز خدماتی، پارکینگ‌ها و تأسیسات زیربنایی ماسوله هم‌راستا با مفاهیم پدافند غیرعامل بوده‌اند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Rereading the Principles and Concepts of Passive Defense in the Historical City of Masouleh

نویسندگان [English]

  • Saeid Hasanpour Loumer 1
  • Ahad Nejad Ebrahimi 2
  • Hassan Sattari Sarbangholi 3
  • Ali Vandshoari 4
1 Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran,
2 Professor, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tabriz University of Islamic Arts, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Corresponding Author
4 Associate Professor, Department of Carpet, Tabriz University of Islamic Arts, Iran
چکیده [English]

Conformance with the principles of passive defense in architectural works and urban planning plays a decisive role in creating stability and protecting the life and financial interests of citizens. The research method is descriptive-analytical and field and library methods were implemented to investigate the statistical population. In this research, 564 buildings in the historical city of       Masouleh, being constructed based on passive defense concepts, have been investigated. The     research question is as follows; How is passive defense observed in the architecture and urban planning of the historical city of Masouleh? And how can it be used for the architecture and urban planning of Iranian cities by rereading the concepts of passive defense in Masouleh? The research results indicate that the location of the city, dispersion of the buildings (vital to medium), city  camouflage, confusion in the eyes of the enemy, structural fortifications of the buildings, quick  repairability of the buildings, protection of urban facilities, design criteria of urban furniture,   materials used in the structure and facade, form of buildings, number of entrances and exits and the presence of multi-functional spaces on the floors, small and protected openings in the facade, safe space, shelter, protective walls, compliance with building height and scale based on the importance factor, privacy, access to vital and medical places, service centers, parking lots and infrastructure facilities of Masouleh have been in line with the concepts of passive defense.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Passive Defense
  • Historical City of Masouleh
  • UNESCO World Organization
  • Cultural Heritage

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